![]() Free IPC standards and amendments for download for printed circuit board design, manufacture, assembly and test. BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. Children, Adolescents, and Advertising | FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICSAbstract. Advertising is a pervasive influence on children and adolescents. Young people view more than 4. ![]()
Internet, in magazines, and in schools. This exposure may contribute significantly to childhood and adolescent obesity, poor nutrition, and cigarette and alcohol use. Media education has been shown to be effective in mitigating some of the negative effects of advertising on children and adolescents. INTRODUCTIONSeveral European countries forbid or severely curtail advertising to children; in the United States, on the other hand, selling to children is simply “business as usual.”1 The average young person views more than 3. TV), on the Internet, on billboards, and in magazines. Increasingly, advertisers are targeting younger and younger children in an effort to establish “brand- name preference” at as early an age as possible. This targeting occurs because advertising is a $2. Increasingly, advertisers are seeking to find new and creative ways of targeting young consumers via the Internet, in schools, and even in bathroom stalls. THE EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTSResearch has shown that young children—younger than 8 years—are cognitively and psychologically defenseless against advertising. They do not understand the notion of intent to sell and frequently accept advertising claims at face value. In fact, in the late 1. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) held hearings, reviewed the existing research, and came to the conclusion that it was unfair and deceptive to advertise to children younger than 6 years. What kept the FTC from banning such ads was that it was thought to be impractical to implement such a ban. However, some Western countries have done exactly that: Sweden and Norway forbid all advertising directed at children younger than 1. Greece bans toy advertising until after 1. Denmark and Belgium severely restrict advertising aimed at children. ADVERTISING IN DIFFERENT MEDIATelevision. Children and adolescents view 4. TV alone. 1. 3 This occurs despite the fact that the Children's Television Act of 1. Pub L No. 1. 01–4. However, much of children's viewing occurs during prime time, which features nearly 1. A 3. 0- second ad during the Super Bowl now costs $2. Movies. A 2. 00. 0 FTC investigation found that violent movies, music, and video games have been intentionally marketed to children and adolescents. Although movie theaters have agreed not to show trailers for R- rated movies before G- rated movies in response to the release of the FTC report, children continue to see advertising for violent media in other venues. For instance, M- rated video games, which according to the gaming industry's own rating system are not recommended for children younger than 1. Also, movies targeted at children often prominently feature brand- name products and fast food restaurants. In 1. 99. 7–1. 99. TV series. 1. 8Print Media. According to the Consumer's Union,1. Young people see 4. Despite the Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry in 1. The Internet. An increasing number of Web sites try to entice children and teenagers to make direct sales. Teenagers account for more than $1 billion in e- commerce dollars,2. Internet banner ads alone in 2. More than 1. 00 commercial Web sites promote alcohol products. The content of these sites varies widely, from little more than basic brand information to chat rooms, “virtual bars,” drink recipes, games, contests, and merchandise catalogues.Many of these sites use slick promotional techniques to target young people.In 1. 99. 8, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (Pub L No. Best Rip Software For Epson 1400 Print . Web sites cannot knowingly collect information from children younger than 1. These sites are required to provide notice on the site to parents about their collection, use, and disclosure of children's personal information and must obtain “verifiable parental consent” before collecting, using, or disclosing this information. MARKETING TECHNIQUESAdvertisers have traditionally used techniques to which children and adolescents are more susceptible, such as product placements in movies and TV shows,2. TV shows and toy action figures or other products,7 kids' clubs that are linked to popular shows, and celebrity endorsements. Cellular phones are currently being marketed to 6- to 1. Coca- Cola reportedly paid Warner Bros. Studios $1. 50 million for the global marketing rights to the movie “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,”2. Certain tie- in products may be inappropriate for children (eg, action figures from the World Wrestling Federation or an action doll that mutters profanities from an R- rated Austin Powers movie). Children's advertising protections will need to be updated for digital TV, which will be in place before 2. In the near future, children watching a TV program will be able to click an on- screen link and go to a Web site during the program.Interactive games and promotions on digital TV will have the ability to lure children away from regular programming, encouraging them to spend a long time in an environment that lacks clear separation between content and advertising.Interactive technology may also allow advertisers to collect vast amounts of information about children's viewing habits and preferences and target them on the basis of that information.SPECIFIC HEALTH- RELATED AREAS OF CONCERNTobacco Advertising.Tobacco manufacturers spend $3. more. Damien Rice 9 Flac Torrent . In addition, more than 2. Recent evidence has emerged that tobacco companies have specifically targeted teenagers as young as 1. Alcohol Advertising. Alcohol manufacturers spend $5. Young people typically view 2. During prime time, only 1 alcohol ad appears every 4 hours; yet, in sports programming, the frequency increases to 2. Research has found that adolescent drinkers are more likely to have been exposed to alcohol advertising. Given that children begin making decisions about alcohol at an early age—probably during grade school. Minority children may be at particular risk. Drug Advertising“Just Say No” as a message to teenagers about drugs seems doomed to failure given that $1. Drug companies now spend more than twice as much on marketing as they do on research and development. The top 1. 0 drug companies made a total profit of $3. Fortune 5. 00 combined. Is such advertising effective? A recent survey of physicians found that 9. In addition, children and teenagers may get the message that there is a drug available to cure all ills and heal all pain, a drug for every occasion (including sexual intercourse). Food Advertising and Obesity. Advertisers spend more than $2. On TV, of the estimated 4. Healthy foods are advertised less than 3% of the time; children rarely see a food advertisement for broccoli. Increasingly, fast food conglomerates are using toy tie- ins with major children's motion pictures to try to attract young people. Nearly 2. 0% of fast food ads now mention a toy premium in their commercials. Several studies document that young children request more junk food (defined as foods with high- caloric density but very low nutrient density) after viewing commercials. In 1 study, the amount of TV viewed per week correlated with requests for specific foods and with caloric intake. At the same time, advertising healthy foods has been shown to increase wholesome eating in children as young as 3 to 6 years of age. Sex in Advertising. Sex is used in commercials to sell everything from beer to shampoo to cars. New research is showing that teenagers' exposure to sexual content in the media may be responsible for earlier onset of sexual intercourse or other sexual activities. What is increasingly apparent is the discrepancy between the abundance of advertising of products for erectile dysfunction (ED) (between January and October, 2. Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis)6. TV networks. This is despite the fact that 2 national polls have found that a majority of Americans favor the advertising of birth control on TV. Ads for ED drugs give children and teens inappropriate messages about sex and sexuality at a time when they are not being taught well in school sex education programs. Latest Topics | ZDNet. Last week I wrote about a 3. Raspberry Pi (RPi) microcomputers. But can you do useful work on such a low- cost, low- power cluster? Yes, you can. Hadoop runs on massive clusters, but you can also run it on your own, highly- scalable, RPi cluster. Robin Harris in Storage.
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